As with any complex novel technology, network engineers, designers and consultants tend to misunderstand some nuances of MPLS traffic engineering (MPLS TE), resulting in myths and half-truths that are propagated throughout the industry. In this article, I will address some of the more common ones. The analysis is based on MPLS TE technology as described in various Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) documents, as well as the current implementation available in Cisco IOS releases 12.4T and 12.2S.
1. Myth: MPLS TE is a quality-of-service feature. While MPLS TE can be used to shift traffic from overloaded paths to alternate paths with free bandwidth, it contains no inherent quality-of-service (QoS) features like guaranteed bandwidth, policing or shaping. The quality-of-service features have to be designed and deployed separately on top of the MPLS TE infrastructure. The deployment of MPLS TE in a network does not (by itself) improve the quality of its services.
2. Half-truth: MPLS TE improves network convergence. The MPLS Fast Reroute functionality provides a temporary fix to a link or node failure by shifting the MPLS TE-encapsulated traffic to a preconfigured bypass (no rerouting is provided for regular IP traffic). The convergence and subsequent network topology re-optimization is still performed by the IP routing protocols.
3. Myth: MPLS TE has to be deployed throughout the network. You can use MPLS TE in tactical situations, for example, between a pair of routers to shift the traffic away from a congested link or to provide a fast reroute protection of a critical link in your network.
4. Half-truth: MPLS TE can solve the network congestion issues. MPLS TE does not create new bandwidth; it only allows you to use the existing bandwidth more efficiently. You can use the MPLS TE tunnels to shift the traffic from the lowest-cost path computed by IP routing protocols to an alternate less-utilized path, temporarily relieving the congested link. But that action might cause the congestion of the alternate path, resulting in a domino effect throughout the network.
5. Myth: Bandwidth reserved by an MPLS TE tunnel will be available to the tunneled traffic. Although the MPLS TE technology uses extensions to the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP), which was originally designed to provide end-to-end QoS in IP networks, the MPLS TE RSVP reservations serve solely as an accounting mechanism in the MPLS TE module. This prevents link oversubscription by MPLS TE paths. MPLS TE reservations do not result in any QoS actions on the intermediate nodes. Lacking manual configuration on intermediate nodes, MPLS TE traffic is treated indistinguishably from the regular IP or MPLS traffic.
6. Myth: To use MPLS TE, you have to deploy MPLS in your network. MPLS TE can work without network-wide MPLS deployment. Traffic can be sent across MPLS TE tunnels without a label distribution protocol (LDP or TDP).
Note: If you're running MPLS-based Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), you have to run LDP over an MPLS TE tunnel unless it terminates at the edge of your network on a Provider Edge (PE) router.
7. Half-truth: MPLS TE only works with OSPF and IS-IS routing protocols. MPLS TE paths can be configured manually (specifying all hops in the path) and independently of the IP routing protocol deployed in the network. However, if you want to have automatic path calculations and automatic rerouting of IP traffic onto MPLS TE paths, you have to use OSPF or IS-IS.
8. If you use the MPLS TE Fast Reroute, the quality of service will not degrade following a network failure. The MPLS TE Fast Reroute shifts MPLS TE tunnels established across a failed link or node onto preconfigured backup tunnels. The overall quality-of-service will not degrade only if:
- These tunnels have adequate bandwidth;
- There is enough free capacity on the backup paths
- The quality-of-service mechanisms guarantee the bandwidth to the backup tunnels.
In all other cases, either the rerouted traffic or the traffic traversing the backup path prior to node or link failure will encounter degraded quality-of-service.
9. Half-truth: You can use MPLS TE only within a single OSPF area. Inter-area MPLS traffic engineering is available (see also detailed description), but has severe limitations:
- The MPLS TE path cannot be computed automatically. You have to manually specify at least the Area Border Routers (ABRs) the MPLS TE path crosses;
- Automatic mapping of IP traffic onto MPLS TE paths (autoroute) is not available, as the router establishing the MPLS TE path does not know the exact topology of other OSPF areas.
- Inter-area MPLS TE paths cannot be re-optimized after they have been established.
Note: The same is true for IS-IS. Truly dynamic MPLS TE tunnels can be established within a single IS-IS level, but they can cross the level boundary if you manually configure the transition points.
10. No longer true: You can't differentiate customer traffic based on Class-of-Service if you use MPLS TE The technology itself never had this limitation, but Cisco IOS did not support multiple parallel tunnels carrying different traffic classes for a long time.
About the author: Ivan Pepelnjak, CCIE No. 1354, is a 25-year veteran of the networking industry. He has more than 10 years of experience in designing, installing, troubleshooting and operating large service provider and enterprise WAN and LAN networks and is currently chief technology advisor at NIL Data Communications, focusing on advanced IP-based networks and web technologies. His books include MPLS and VPN Architectures and EIGRP Network Design. You can read his blog here: http://ioshints.blogspot.com/index.html.
